Entrevista com Júlia Rebouças, curadora, pesquisadora e crítica de arte.

In this work, we introduce what we believe to be a more sensitive variation of the Metaproblem of consciousness, structured by philosopher Keith Frankish (2017): the Illusion Problem. To do so, we explore the process that leads us to treat each and every quale as an illusion, in addition to showing how qualia are present in most supposedly physicalist theories, which we will later call “Closeted Dualism”. We also emphasize that the illusionist theory is already widely used or considered by (...) philosophers who seek a scientifically plausible way out of the problems of consciousness. Once done, the reader will be ready for the more “technical” part of this article, in which we explore and defend the main concepts and mechanisms of Illusionism. -/- This work was published in Portuguese as a book chapter. -/- HOW TO CITE: Leal-Toledo, G., & Vasconcelos, M. L. (2023). O problema da ilusão: uma breve introdução e defesa da teoria ilusionista de Keith Frankish. In L. Peruzzo, K. Candiotto, & M. Karasinski (Eds.), Tendências Contemporâneas de Filosofia da Mente e Ciências Cognitivas (pp. 166-186). PUCPRESS. (shrink)

This twelfth volume of Collected Papers includes 86 papers comprising 976 pages on Neutrosophics Theory and Applications, published between 2013-2021 in the international journal and book series “Neutrosophic Sets and Systems” by the author alone or in collaboration with the following 112 co-authors (alphabetically ordered) from 21 countries: Abdel Nasser H. Zaied, Muhammad Akram, Bobin Albert, S. A. Alblowi, S. Anitha, Guennoun Asmae, Assia Bakali, Ayman M. Manie, Abdul Sami Awan, Azeddine Elhassouny, Erick González-Caballero, D. Dafik, Mithun Datta, Arindam Dey, (...) Mamouni Dhar, Christopher Dyer, Nur Ain Ebas, Mohamed Eisa, Ahmed K. Essa, Faruk Karaaslan, João Alcione Sganderla Figueiredo, Jorge Fernando Goyes García, N. Ramila Gandhi, Sudipta Gayen, Gustavo Alvarez Gómez, Sharon Dinarza Álvarez Gómez, Haitham A. El-Ghareeb, Hamiden Abd El-Wahed Khalifa, Masooma Raza Hashmi, Ibrahim M. Hezam, German Acurio Hidalgo, Le Hoang Son, R. Jahir Hussain, S. Satham Hussain, Ali Hussein Mahmood Al-Obaidi, Hays Hatem Imran, Nabeela Ishfaq, Saeid Jafari, R. Jansi, V. Jeyanthi, M. Jeyaraman, Sripati Jha, Jun Ye, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Abdullah Kargın, J. Kavikumar, Kawther Fawzi Hamza Alhasan, Huda E. Khalid, Neha Andalleb Khalid, Mohsin Khalid, Madad Khan, D. Koley, Valeri Kroumov, Manoranjan Kumar Singh, Pavan Kumar, Prem Kumar Singh, Ranjan Kumar, Malayalan Lathamaheswari, A.N. Mangayarkkarasi, Carlos Rosero Martínez, Marvelio Alfaro Matos, Mai Mohamed, Nivetha Martin, Mohamed Abdel-Basset, Mohamed Talea, K. Mohana, Muhammad Irfan Ahamad, Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain, Muhammad Riaz, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Saqlain, Muhammad Shabir, Muhammad Zeeshan, Anjan Mukherjee, Mumtaz Ali, Deivanayagampillai Nagarajan, Iqra Nawaz, Munazza Naz, Roan Thi Ngan, Necati Olgun, Rodolfo González Ortega, P. Pandiammal, I. Pradeepa, R. Princy, Marcos David Oviedo Rodríguez, Jesús Estupiñán Ricardo, A. Rohini, Sabu Sebastian, Abhijit Saha, Mehmet Șahin, Said Broumi, Saima Anis, A.A. Salama, Ganeshsree Selvachandran, Seyed Ahmad Edalatpanah, Sajana Shaik, Soufiane Idbrahim, S. Sowndrarajan, Mohamed Talea, Ruipu Tan, Chalapathi Tekuri, Selçuk Topal, S. P. Tiwari, Vakkas Uluçay, Maikel Leyva Vázquez, Chinnadurai Veerappan, M. Venkatachalam, Luige Vlădăreanu, Ştefan Vlăduţescu, Young Bae Jun, Wadei F. Al-Omeri, Xiao Long Xin.‬‬‬‬‬‬. (shrink)

REPRODUÇÃO ANIMAL: O CICLO ESTRAL DE BOVINOS LEITEIROS – Desenvolvimento Folicular, Corpo Lúteo e Etapas do Estro ANIMAL REPRODUCTION: THE OESTROUS CYCLE OF DAIRY BOVINES -Follicular Development, Corpus Luteum and Stages of Estrus Apoio: Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Departamento de Zootecnia da UFRPE E-mail: [email protected] WhatsApp: (82)98143-8399 FISIOLOGIA CLÍNICA DO CICLO ESTRAL DE BOVINOS LEITEIROS 1. RESUMO A fêmea bovina apresenta ciclos estrais em intervalos de 19 a 23 dias e estes só são interrompidos durante a gestação ou devido (...) a alguma patologia. O estro é o período de aceitação da cópula e tem uma duração de 8 a 18 horas. Durante o metaestro ocorre a ovulação e se desenvolve o corpo lúteo. O diestro é o estágio mais longo do ciclo e é caracterizado pela presença de um corpo lúteo. Se a gestação não for estabelecida, o endométrio segrega prostaglandina F2α(PGF2α) o que induz a luteólise, reiniciando assim um novo ciclo. 2. EIXO HIPOTÁLAMO-HIPÓFISE-OVÁRIO As hormonas são substâncias produzidas por diferentes células do organismo que exercem funções específicas em outras células (células brancas). Algumas hormonas atuam na mesma célula que a secreta (atividade autocrina), outras nas células vizinhas (atividade parácrina) e outras são transportadas pelo sangue e exercem a sua função em células de outros órgãos (atividade endócrina). Existem outros tipos de hormônios que comunicam a diferentes indivíduos e são conhecidos como feromônios. Os feromônios regulam diferentes funções, entre as quais se destacam as reprodutivas. O hipotálamo encontra-se na base do cérebro, é formado por núcleos pares de neurônios e comunica-se com a hipófise através de um sistema circulatório especializado conhecido como sistema porta-hipotálamo-hipofisário. Os neurônios da área ventromedial e da área pré-óptica do hipotálamo secretam a hormona libertadora das gonadotropinas (GnRH), que por sua vez chega à hipófise através do sistema porta-hipotálamo-hipofisário e estimula a secreção da hormona luteinizante (LH) e da hormona folículo estimulante (FSH). A LH mantém um padrão de secreção paralelo à secreção da GnRH; ou seja, uma parcela de GnRH corresponde a uma parcela de LH, ao contrário da FSH que tem uma produção basal elevada inibida pelo estradiol e inibina, por este motivo, a sua secreção não apresenta um padrão pulsante semelhante à LH. A GnRH tem duas formas de secreção: a primeira é pulsante ou tônica, regulada por estímulos externos (fotoperíodo, bioestimulação, amamentação) e por estímulos internos (metabolitos, hormonas metabólicas, hormonas sexuais); a segunda forma é pré-ovulatória ou cíclica e é estimulada pelos estrogênios durante o estro e inibida pela progesterona. A secreção de alguns hormônios, bem como diversos processos fisiológicos, são sincronizados com a duração do dia e da noite (ritmos endógenos). A luz é percebida pelos fotorreceptores da retina e o sinal luminoso chega à glândula pineal através de conexões neuronais (trato retino-hipotalâmico). Na glândula pineal, o estímulo produzido pela luz inibe a síntese da melatonina. Desta forma, a duração do dia e da noite (fotoperíodo) é registada pelas variações nas concentrações da melatonina. Na vaca, sabe-se que o fotoperíodo influencia alguns processos reprodutivos, embora não seja, em sentido estrito, uma espécie com um padrão reprodutivo sazonal. Os feromônios sexuais são excretados através da urina, fezes e fluidos corporais; eles são percebidos pelo epitélio olfatório e órgão vomeronasal. Posteriormente, algumas vias nervosas, estimulam no hipotálamo a frequência dos pulsos de secreção da GnRH. A exposição a feromonas femininas provoca no macho um aumento na frequência de secreção do LH e isto por sua vez aumenta as concentrações de testosterona. Os feromônios masculinos induzem na fêmea um aumento da frequência de secreção do LH, estimulando o crescimento folicular e a secreção de estradiol. A estimulação sexual provocada pelo macho ou pela fêmea é denominada bioestimulação. As alterações na condição corporal estão positivamente correlacionadas com as concentrações séricas de insulina, fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo I (IGF- I) e leptina. Assim, quanto maior a classificação da condição corporal, maior é a concentração sérica destas hormonas, que atuam como sinais que chegam ao hipotálamo e modificam a frequência de secreção da GnRH. Por exemplo, a transição do anestro para a ciclicidade coincide com um aumento da condição corporal e das concentrações de insulina, IGF- I e leptina (figura 1). Figura 1. A transição do anestro para a ciclicidade coincide com um aumento da condição corporal e das concentrações de insulina, IGF- I e leptina. Estas hormonas atuam como sinais que chegam ao hipotálamo e aumentam a frequência de secreção da GnRH. Fonte: GALINA, et al. 2008. Os estrogênios podem ter um feedback positivo ou negativo sobre a secreção da GnRH, o que depende da fase do ciclo reprodutivo. Em animais pré-púberes e em anestro pós-parto, os estrogênios inibem a secreção de GnRH, mas durante o período de proestro e estro há uma estimulação para a secreção de GnRH. A progesterona reduz a secreção da GnRH, bem como a resposta da hipófise à GnRH, inibindo assim a maturação folicular e a ovulação. Por esta razão, a progesterona foi utilizada com sucesso como contraceptivo em humanos e para o controle artificial da reprodução em animais domésticos (figura 2). Figura 2. Retroalimentação entre o hipotálamo, hipófise e o ovário. A GnRH estimula na hipófise a síntese e secreção de LH e FSH. Na fase pré-púbere e no anestro pós-parto, os estrogênios inibem a secreção de GnRH, enquanto no proestro e estro, estimulam-na. A progesterona inibe a secreção da GnRH e diminui a resposta da hipófise à GnRH. Os estrogênios e a inibina suprimem a secreção de FSH diretamente na hipófise. Fonte: GALINA, et al. 2008. Os neurônios secretores da GnRH não têm receptores para estrogênios nem progesterona, pelo que estas hormonas não têm forma de regular diretamente a secreção da GnRH. Existe um grupo de neurônios hipotalâmicos que exprimem o gene Kiss-1 que codifica o peptídeo kisspeptina. Os neurônios secretores da GnRH têm receptores para este peptídeo, de modo que a kisspeptina fornece a informação aos neurônios secretores da GnRH em relação às concentrações de hormônios sexuais. A kisspeptina é um potente estimulador (secretagogo) da secreção da GnRH e é muito provável que nos próximos anos venha a fazer parte dos recursos hormonais para o controle artificial da reprodução, não só nos bovinos, mas em todas as espécies domésticas. 3. DESENVOLVIMENTO FOLICULAR O ovário é responsável pela produção de ovócitos e pela síntese de hormônios sexuais, estrogênios e progesterona, que promovem e regulam a fertilização do ovócito e a manutenção da gestação. O ovócito encontra-se no interior do folículo ovárico rodeado por células granulosas que participam de forma ativa no seu crescimento e maturação. As experiências in vitro demonstram a dependência dos ovócitos das células da granulosa, assim, quando os ovócitos são induzidos a amadurecer devem estar rodeados por várias camadas de células da granulosa para que este processo seja bem sucedido, caso contrário, não adquirem o potencial para desenvolver um embrião. Embora as células da teca interna não estejam em contato direto com o ovócito, seu papel na maturação deste o exercem mediante a produção de andrógenos, mesmos que são convertidos em estrogênios pelas células da granulosa. Além disso, as células da teca favorecem o estabelecimento da rede capilar que apoia o desenvolvimento folicular. Por outro lado, os novos conhecimentos indicam que o ovócito não é um elemento passivo no desenvolvimento folicular, mas regula a função das células foliculares; o que significa que ele próprio participa na criação de um microambiente ideal para a sua maturação. Além disso, é possível que o ovócito tenha um papel na ativação do desenvolvimento dos folículos primordiais. A fêmea bovina nasce com aproximadamente 200 mil folículos, dos quais muito poucos se ativam e iniciam seu crescimento, e a maior parte deles sofre atresia em diferentes etapas de desenvolvimento. Ao nascimento, os folículos estão na fase mais elementar e são conhecidos como folículos primordiais. Posteriormente estes folículos se ativam e se transformam em folículos primários e secundários; até este momento os folículos não têm antro (etapa pré-antral) e seu desenvolvimento é independente das gonadotropinas. Quando os folículos formam o antro são conhecidos como folículos terciários e seu desenvolvimento é dependente das gonadotropinas (etapa antral). O crescimento folicular no estágio antral ocorre em forma de ondas e cada onda começa com um aumento nos níveis de FSH, o qual promove o crescimento de um grupo de cinco a seis folículos (~4 mm de diâmetro); este processo é conhecido como recrutamento. Subsequentemente, um único folículo continua a crescer (folículo dominante), o que provoca um aumento das concentrações de estrogênios e inibina, uma diminuição das concentrações de FSH e atresia dos folículos subordinados, pois eles dependem totalmente desta hormona, enquanto o folículo dominante continua o seu desenvolvimento estimulado pela LH. O folículo dominante perdura de quatro a seis dias e se não chega a ovular, sofre atresia. Após a atresia do folículo dominante, diminuem-se os níveis de estrogênio e inibina, observa-se um aumento das concentrações de FSH e inicia-se uma nova onda folicular. O folículo dominante que está presente quando o corpo lúteo sofre regressão, continua seu desenvolvimento e ovula, em resposta ao pico pré-ovulatório de LH. Além de promover a liberação do ovócito, a secreção pré-ovulatória de LH regula a formação do corpo lúteo a partir das células foliculares, processo conhecido como luteinização. Durante o ciclo estral são apresentadas de duas a três ondas foliculares. As vacas com três ondas foliculares têm uma fase lútea mais longa e, consequentemente, um ciclo estral mais longo, de 22 a 23 dias; enquanto as vacas com duas ondas apresentam um ciclo estral de 18 a 21 dias. Nas vacas leiteiras, cerca de 70% apresentam duas ondas foliculares, enquanto 30% exibem três ondas (figura 3 e 4). Nas vacas com duas ondas foliculares, o período de dominação folicular é maior do que nas de três ondas. O tempo de dominação influencia o potencial dos ovócitos para desenvolver um embrião viável; assim, a porcentagem de concepção é menor quando ovulam folículos que tiveram mais dias de dominação dos que quando ovulam folículos com menor tempo de dominação (figura 5). Figura 5. O crescimento folicular no estágio antral ocorre na forma de ondas. Cada onda começa com um aumento nas concentrações de FSH, o que promove o recrutamento de cinco a seis folículos (~4 mm de diâmetro). Posteriormente um único folículo continua crescendo (folículo dominante), enquanto seus companheiros (subordinados) sofrem atresia. O folículo dominante perdura de quatro a seis dias e se não chega a ovular, sofre atresia. Após a atresia do folículo dominante observa-se um aumento das concentrações de FSH, iniciando-se uma nova onda folicular. 3.1 Ovulação múltipla Nos últimos anos tem-se observado um aumento na proporção de vacas com ovulação múltipla (20% x 1% em novilhas), o que tem provocado um aumento da proporção de partos gêmeos (8% x 1% em novilhas). A frequência de vacas com ovulação múltipla está associada com a alta produção de leite; de modo que, as vacas que produzem menos de 40 kg mostram 6% de ovulações múltiplas e aquelas que produzem mais de 50 kg alcançam até 50%. A causa deste fenômeno ainda é obscura, contudo, observaram-se diferenças nas concentrações de FSH, de tal forma que as vacas que desenvolvem de dois a três folículos dominantes numa onda folicular, apresentam níveis de FSH mais elevados que as vacas que têm apenas um folículo dominante. Em vacas em lactação, a concentração de progesterona é baixa devido ao aumento do metabolismo hepático, o que aumenta a sua taxa de eliminação. Foi observado que as vacas que tiveram uma fase lútea com níveis de progesterona mais elevados, no ciclo anterior à inseminação, apresentam menos ovulações múltiplas em comparação com as vacas que tiveram níveis de progesterona mais baixos. Propõe-se que as baixas concentrações de progesterona permitam um aumento da frequência de secreção da GnRH e, consequentemente, da LH e da FSH, favorecendo a predominância múltipla e, eventualmente, a ovulação de mais de um folículo. Nos rebanhos leiteiros, as gestações gêmeas não são desejáveis porque aumenta o risco de perda da gestação e, se esta chegar ao término, haverá o risco de perda da gestação e, se esta for concluída, o risco de distorcia é consideravelmente mais elevado (figuras 6, 7, 8 e 9). Figura 6. As baixas concentrações de progesterona sérica nas vacas em lactação permitem um aumento da frequência de secreção da GnRH, bem como o aumento da LH e da FSH. Isto favorece a dominação múltipla e eventualmente a ovulação de mais de um folículo. Esta figura mostra a dominância de dois folículos em cada onda folicular (codominância). Figura 7. Ovários de uma vaca leiteira em diestro com três folículos dominantes. Figura 8. Ovários de uma vaca leiteira com três corpos lúteos. Figura 9. Ovários de uma vaca leiteira com dois corpos hemorrágicos. Fonte: Acervo pessoal do autor. IFPE, 2017-18. 4. DESENVOLVIMENTO E CONTROLE DA FUNÇÃO DO CORPO LÚTEO Quando o folículo dominante completa sua maturação, ele produz níveis de estrogênio suficientes para provocar a liberação máxima da GnRH, o que desencadeia o pico pré-ovulatório da LH. Esta secreção de LH provoca a ovulação e inicia as mudanças para que o folículo se transforme em um corpo lúteo, processo conhecido como luteinização. A luteinização compreende todas as mudanças morfológicas, endócrinas e enzimáticas que ocorrem no folículo ovulatório até que este se transforme num corpo lúteo. O processo de luteinização começa a partir da elevação pré-ovulatória de LH; mesmo antes da ovulação. A luteinização do folículo dominante (≥8 mm de diâmetro) pode ser induzida hormonalmente pela injeção de GnRH ou gonadotropina coriónica humana (hCG). A ovulação ocorre em média 30 horas após o pico pré-ovulatório de LH. A secreção pré-ovulatória de LH desencadeia a liberação de enzimas proteolíticas e de mediadores da inflamação na parede folicular, as quais degradam o tecido conjuntivo e ocasionam morte celular. Posteriormente, a PGF2α induz contrações da teca externa, levando à ruptura folicular e à expulsão do ovócito. Após a ovulação, as células da teca interna e da granulosa migram e distribuem-se nas paredes do folículo. As células da teca interna se diferenciam e se multiplicam em células lúteas pequenas, enquanto que as células da granulosa se hipertrofiam e dão origem às células lúteas grandes. Estas alterações são facilitadas pela ruptura da membrana basal que separa a camada celular da granulosa da teca interna. Em forma paralela começa a formação de uma ampla rede de capilares que se distribuem em todo o corpo lúteo em formação, e chegam a constituir até 20% do volume desta estrutura (figuras 10 e 11). A progesterona é o principal produto de secreção do corpo lúteo. No quinto dia do ciclo estral, as concentrações séricas desta hormona são superiores a 1 ng/ ml, indicando que o corpo lúteo adquiriu a sua plena funcionalidade. A progesterona atua basicamente sobre os órgãos genitais da fêmea, sendo responsável pela preparação do útero para o estabelecimento e manutenção da gestação. Na mucosa do oviduto e do útero, estimula a secreção de substâncias que promovem o desenvolvimento do embrião, até que este comece a nutrir-se através da placenta. A progesterona suprime a resposta imunitária do útero, o que é necessário para tolerar o embrião, já que este é um tecido estranho para a vaca. Além disso, a progesterona evita as contrações do útero, fecha o colo do útero e modifica as características do muco cervical, tornando-o mais viscoso, impedindo a passagem de agentes estranhos para o interior do útero. Na glândula mamária estimula o desenvolvimento do sistema alveolar, preparando-a para a síntese e a secreção de leite. 5. REGRESSÃO DO CORPO LÚTEO A regressão lútea é um processo ativo ocasionado pela secreção uterina da PGF2α. O mecanismo pelo qual se inicia a síntese e secreção da PGF2α depende de uma interação entre o corpo lúteo, os folículos e o útero. Os estrogênios produzidos no folículo dominante desempenham um papel importante no início da secreção de PGF2α, uma vez que promovem a síntese de receptores para oxitocina. Além disso, os estrogénios estimulam no endométrio a produção da fosfolipase A e da ciclooxigenase; enzimas indispensáveis para a síntese da PGF2α. Durante o ciclo estral, a progesterona inibe a síntese da PGF2α através da supressão da formação de receptores para o estradiol. Após um período de 12 a 14 dias de exposição à progesterona, as células endometriais tornam-se insensíveis à progesterona. Quando isso ocorre, as células endometriais sintetizam receptores para estradiol, permitindo que o estradiol produzido no folículo dominante estimule a síntese de receptores para oxitocina. Neste momento, o endométrio está pronto para sintetizar e secretar PGF2α, em resposta ao estímulo da oxitocina. A primeira secreção de oxitocina é de origem hipotalâmica, o que desencadeia o primeiro pulso de PGF2α. Os seguintes episódios de PGF2α são induzidos pela oxitocina produzida no corpo lúteo. A PGF2α é secretada em episódios (pulsos) com intervalos de seis a oito horas, sendo necessários cinco a seis episódios para a luteólise ocorrer. Se a PGF2α não seguir este padrão de secreção, a regressão do corpo lúteo falhará. Além da PGF2α de origem uterina, o corpo lúteo também produz PGF2α, que aumenta o efeito luteolítico. A falta de sensibilidade à PGF2α observada nos corpos lúteos imaturos (primeiros cinco dias após a ovulação) deve-se ao fato de, neste período, o corpo lúteo ainda não produzir PGF2α (figura 12, 13 e 14). 6. ETAPAS DO CICLO ESTRAL O ciclo estral é dividido em quatro etapas bem definidas. 6.1 Estro Neste estágio a fêmea aceita a cópula ou a monta de outra vaca. O estro é provocado pelo aumento significativo das concentrações de estradiol produzido pelo folículo pré-ovulatório e pela ausência de um corpo lúteo. A duração desta etapa é de 8 a 18 horas. 6.2 Metaestro O metaestro é a etapa posterior ao estro, tem uma duração de quatro a cinco dias. Durante esta etapa ocorre a ovulação e se desenvolve o corpo de lúteo. Após a ovulação, observa-se uma depressão no lugar ocupado pelo folículo ovulatório (depressão ovulatória) e, posteriormente, se desenvolve o corpo hemorrágico (corpo lúteo em processo de formação). Durante o metaestro, as concentrações de progesterona começam a aumentar até atingirem níveis superiores a 1 ng/ml, momento a partir da qual considera-se que o corpo lúteo atingiu a maturidade. O momento em que as concentrações de progesterona são superiores a 1 ng/ml toma-se como critério fisiológico a determinação do fim do metaestro e o início do diestro. Um evento hormonal que se destaca neste período consiste na apresentação do pico pós-ovulatório de FSH, o qual desencadeia a primeira onda de desenvolvimento folicular. Algumas vacas apresentam sangramento conhecido como sangramento metaestral (figura 15). 6.3 Diestro O diestro é o estágio de maior duração do ciclo estral, de 12 a 14 dias. Durante este estágio o corpo lúteo mantém sua plena funcionalidade, o que se reflete em concentrações sanguíneas de progesterona, maiores que 1 ng/ml. Além disso, nesta fase, pode-se encontrar folículos de tamanho diferente devido às ondas foliculares. Após 12-14 dias de exposição à progesterona, o endométrio começa a secretar PGF2α em um padrão pulsátil, ao qual termina com a vida do corpo lúteo e com o diestro. Em termos endócrinos, quando o corpo lúteo perde a sua funcionalidade, ou seja, quando as concentrações de progesterona diminuem abaixo de 1 ng/ml, finaliza-se o diestro e começa o proestro. Convém mencionar que durante esta fase, a LH é secretada com uma frequência muito baixa e a FSH tem incrementos responsáveis pelas ondas foliculares. 6.4 Proestro O proestro caracteriza-se pela ausência de um corpo lúteo funcional e pelo desenvolvimento e maturação do folículo ovulatório. O proestro na vaca dura de dois a três dias. Um evento hormonal característico desta etapa é o aumento da frequência dos pulsos de secreção de LH que levam à maturação final do folículo ovulatório e ao aumento do estradiol sérico, que desencadeia o estro. Para além da classificação do ciclo estral acima descrita, existe outra que divide o ciclo em duas fases: progestacional (lútea) e estrogênica (folicular). A fase progestacional inclui o metaestro e o diestro, e a fase estrogênica ao proestro e estro (figura 16). Figura 16. Etapas do ciclo estral. Adaptado e elaborado a partir de FERREIRA, 2010. 7. CONCLUSÕES PRÉVIAS  O ciclo estral dura de 19 a 23 dias.  A vaca é receptiva durante 8 a 18 horas (estro).  Ao nascimento uma bezerra tem cerca de 200 mil folículos primordiais.  Durante o ciclo estral se apresentam de duas a três ondas foliculares.  De cinco a seis folículos são recrutados em cada onda folicular.  Cerca de 70% das vacas têm duas ondas foliculares e 30% apresentam três ondas.  Entre 10 e 20% das vacas têm ovulações múltiplas (dois a três folículos) e 8% têm partos gêmeos.  A ovulação ocorre 30 horas após o pico pré-ovulatório de LH.  A secreção pré-ovulatória de LH é de 15 a 30 ng/ml.  12 a 14 dias são necessários para que o endométrio se torne insensível à progesterona e comece a secretar PGF2α. - São necessários cinco a seis pulsos de PGF2α com um intervalo de oito horas para ocasionar a luteólise.  O corpo lúteo não é sensível à PGF2α nos primeiros cinco dias do ciclo estral. Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva – Departamento de Zootecnia da UFRPE Recife, 2020. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ALVES, Nadja Gomes; PEREIRA, Marcos Neves; COELHO, Rodrigo Michelini. Nutrição e reprodução em vacas leiteiras. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, p. l1248-l1248, 2009. ARBOLEDA, José Leonardo Ruiz; URIBE-VELÁSQUEZ, Luis Fernando; OSORIO, José Henry. Factor de crecimiento semejante a insulina tipo 1 (IGF-1) en la reproducción de la hembra bovina. Vet. zootec, v. 5, n. 2, p. 68-81, 2011. BARUSELLI, Pietro Sampaio; GIMENES, Lindsay Unno; SALES, José Nélio de Sousa. Fisiologia reprodutiva de fêmeas taurinas e zebuínas. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, v. 31, n. 2, p. 205-211, 2007. COLE, H. H.; CUPPS, P. T. Reproduction in domestic animals. 1ª ed. Londres: Academic Press, 1977. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Características Gerais dos Bovinos/General Characteristics of Cattle Bovine. Disponível em: ———. Acesso em: Fevereiro de 2020. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Definição de Conceitos Básicos na Reprodução Animal: Fertilidade, Fecundidade e Prolificidade-Suínos. Philarchive. Disponível em: ———. Acesso em: Fevereiro de 2020. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. REPRODUÇÃO ANIMAL: OVULAÇÃO, CONTROLE E SINCRONIZAÇÃO DO CIO. Disponível em: ———. Acesso em: Fevereiro de 2020. DO VALLE, Ezequlel Rodrigues. O ciclo estral de bovinos e métodos de controle. Campo Grande: EMBRAPA-CNPGC, 1991. FERREIRA, A. M. Reprodução da fêmea bovina: fisiologia aplicada e problemas mais comuns. Juiz de Fora: Editar, 2010. GALINA HIDALGO, Carlos et al. Reproducción de animales domésticos. México: Limusa, 1988. HAFEZ, E. S. E.; HAFEZ, B. Reprodução animal. São Paulo: Manole, 2004. McDONALD, L.E. Veterinary endocrinology and reproduction. 3.ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1980. MELLO, R. R. C. et al. Desenvolvimento folicular inicial em bovinos. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, v. 37, n. 4, p. 328-333, 2013. MELLO, Raquel Rodrigues Costa et al. Aspectos da dinâmica folicular em bovinos. Agropecuária Científica no Semiárido, v. 10, n. 4, p. 01-06, 2015. NEBEL, Ray; DEJARNETTE, M. Anatomía y fisiología de la reproducción bovina. SELECT SIRES INC, v. 6, 2011. PALMA, Gustavo A. Biotecnología de la reproducción. Balcarce: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 2008. PEREIRA, Elias de Oliveira. Fisiologia da reprodução em vacas leiteiras: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA. TCC Medicina Veterinária. Ituverava: FAFRAM, 2019. PETERS, A. R.; BALL, P. J. H. Reprodução em bovinos. São Paulo: Editora Roca, 2006. PRIETO-GÓMEZ, Bertha; VELÁZQUEZ-PANIAGUA, Mireya. Fisiología de la reproducción: hormona liberadora de gonadotrofinas. Rev Fac Med UNAM, v. 45, n. 6, p. 252-57, 2002. SALISBURY, Glenn Wade; LODGE, J. R.; VANDEMARK, N. L. Fisiología de la reproducción e inseminación artificial de los bóvidos. Zaragoza: Acribia, 1978. VIVEIROS, Ana Tereza de Mendonça. Fisiologia da reprodução de bovinos. Lavras: UFLA, 1997. (shrink)

I argue for an account of grasping, or understanding that, on which we grasp via a higher‐order mental act of Husserlian fulfillment. Fulfillment is the act of matching up the objects of our phenomenally presentational experiences with those of our phenomenally representational thought. Grasping‐by‐fulfilling is importantly different from standard epistemic aims, in part because it is phenomenal rather than inferential. (I endorse Bourget's (2017) arguments to that effect.) I show that grasping‐by‐fulfilling cannot be a species of propositional knowledge or belief, (...) and that it is not essentially connected to justification. I motivate a revisionary epistemology on which achieving propositional knowledge and coming to grasp are dual epistemic aims. My account makes sense of a common occurrence—that we are often unmoved to act on our beliefs until we come to phenomenally experience them in some way. It also explains puzzling features of human inquiry. (shrink)

There is no doubt that custard apple diseases are among the important reasons that destroy the Custard Apple plant and its agricultural crops. This leads to obvious damage to these plants and they become inedible. Discovering these diseases is a good step to provide the appropriate and correct treatment. Determining the treatment with high accuracy depends on the method used to correctly diagnose the disease, expert systems can greatly help in avoiding damage to these plants. The expert system correctly diagnoses (...) Custard Apple disease to make it easier for farmers to find the right treatment based on the appropriate diagnosis. Objectives: A specialized syllable language system was established for the diagnosis of Custard Apple plant disease. (shrink)

Recent literature on Christian nationalism by sociologists of religion in the United States identifies a perceived novel phenomenon: the fusion of authoritarian governmental forms with Christianity. However, the socio-historical origin of this international trend has been left relatively unexplored. Therefore, the goal of this chapter is to create a single international account that lends itself to future comparative theoretical frameworks and analyses through the term "Christofascism." -/- The chapter can also be accessed on google books at the link included in (...) the description. Finally, order the book on Routledge's website, also linked in the description. (shrink)

This paper considers three possible ways of understanding the claim that the American criminal justice system is racist: individualist, “patterns”-based, and ideology-based theories of institutional racism. It rejects an individualist explanation of institutional racism because such an explanation fails to explain the widespread prevalence of anti-black racism in this system or indeed in the United States. It considers a “patterns” account of institutional racism, where consistent patterns of disparate racial effect mimic the structure of intentional projects of racial subjugation like (...) slavery or Jim Crow. While a “patterns” account helpfully directs attention to the effects of policies and practices that make up an institution, it does not fully explain the deep roots of anti-blackness in the criminal justice system in the United States. The paper concludes by defending an ideology-based theory of institutional racism for understanding the criminal justice system because the stereotype of the black criminal has a mutually reinforcing relationship with the patterns of disparate outcome for black people in the criminal justice system. This relationship creates a looping effect where the stereotype of the black criminal fuels the disproportionate involvement of black people in the criminal justice system, and the disproportionate representation of black people with felony records, in prisons, brutalized in police encounters, and so on reinforces the idea that black people are especially prone to criminality. Ideological approaches to racism that integrate attention to the patterns of disparate effect best explain what it means to say that the criminal justice system is racist. (shrink)

Online education has become an essential component of education. Thus, several factors, such as the student’s learning strategy and motivation, generally contribute to their academic success. This study investigates the relationship between learning strategies, motivation, and online learning environment among 150 first-year college students. Employing correlational design, the statistical findings of the study reveal that the r coefficient of 0.59 indicates a moderate positive correlation between the variables. The p-value of 0.00, which is less than 0.05, leads to the decision (...) to reject the null hypothesis. Hence, a significant relationship exists between learning strategies, motivation, and the online learning environment. (shrink)

This paper argues that epistemic errors rooted in group- or identity- based biases, especially those pertaining to disability, are undertheorized in the literature on medical error. After sketching dominant taxonomies of medical error, we turn to the field of social epistemology to understand the role that epistemic schemas play in contributing to medical errors that disproportionately affect patients from marginalized social groups. We examine the effects of this unequal distribution through a detailed case study of ableism. There are four primary (...) mechanisms through which the epistemic schema of ableism distorts communication between nondisabled physicians and disabled patients: testimonial injustice, epistemic overconfidence, epistemic erasure, and epistemic derailing. Measures against epistemic injustices in general and against schema-based medical errors in particular are ultimately issues of justice that must be better addressed at all levels of health care practice. (shrink)

This paper discusses ethical issues surrounding Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) of the economic effects of climate change, and how climate economists acting as policy advisors ought to represent the uncertain possibility of catastrophe. Some climate economists, especially Martin Weitzman, have argued for a precautionary approach where avoiding catastrophe should structure climate economists’ welfare analysis. This paper details ethical arguments that justify this approach, showing how Weitzman’s “fat tail” probabilities of climate catastrophe pose ethical problems for widely used IAMs. The main (...) claim is that economists who ignore or downplay catastrophic risks in their representations of uncertainty likely fall afoul of ethical constraints on scientists acting as policy advisors. Such scientists have duties to honestly articulate uncertainties and manage (some) inductive risks, or the risks of being wrong in different ways. (shrink)

The primary aim of this chapter is to show that several missteps made by others in in their thinking about law as an artefact are due to misconceptions about the role of intentions in understanding law as an artefact. I first briefly recap my own contention that law is a genre of institutionalized abstract artefacts (put forth in The Functions of Law (OUP 2016) and subsequent papers), mostly following Searle’s understanding of institutions and Thomasson’s understanding of public artefacts. I highlight (...) the central place that this theory affords law’s functions, without requiring the theorist to say that possession or performance of the function is either necessary or sufficient for inclusion in the class of law. Some of the most common misunderstandings are exemplified in Brian Leiter’s paper ‘Legal Positivism about the Artifact Law’. He thinks that holding an intentionalist view of artefacts commits the theorist to privileging drafters’ intentions when interpreting law. (It doesn’t.) He also has confusions about the differences between artefact tokens and artefact types leading him to a problematically broad understanding of artefacts. Another problem can be seen in thinking that functional understandings of artefacts are vulnerable to the same problems that arise in functional explanations for biological systems. I go on to consider the work of Luka Burazin and Corrado Roversi, addressing worries that making intentionality central to artefacts implies too much conscious thought is required to make one, noting that several theories of intentionality do not require conscious thought in the execution of intentional action. While those who think a central place for intentionality threatens to leave us unable to explain customary law, this can be dealt with by noting the important distinction between customary rules and customary laws (where the latter requires a decision to enlist public aid in redressing violations). I claim that authors’ intentions are communicated requests for the artefacts’ audiences to see the artefacts as members of their putative kinds. Finally, I address the question of whether or not legal systems are themselves artefacts and institutions, given that they may or may not have been intentionally created. An early lawgiver might have created a legal system by accident in the process of handing down the first laws. I raise the possibility that we might want to impute intentionality to necessary by-products of artefact creation, seeing those by-products as artefacts as well. (shrink)

It has been a common assumption that words are substances that instantiate or have properties. In this paper, I question the assumption that our ontology of words requires posting substances by outlining a bundle theory of words, wherein words are bundles of various sorts of properties (such as semantic, phonetic, orthographic, and grammatical properties). I argue that this view can better account for certain phenomena than substance theories, is ontologically more parsimonious, and coheres with claims in linguistics.

This study is concerned with linguistic competence and relationship between the socio-demographic profile in terms of parents’ education background and assigned household chores. The researcher made questionnaires and essay tests and administered among senior high school students who were randomly chosen as respondents. To analyze and interpret data, mean, standard deviation, T-test, and One-Way Analysis of Variance were utilized. ANOVA was conducted to determine whether there was a significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile and the level of linguistic competency of (...) the senior high school students. Findings revealed that there was no significant relationship between the parents’ educational attainment and linguistic competences. ANOVA was conducted again to determine whether there was a significant relationship between the assigned household chores and the level of linguistic competency of the senior high school students. Similarly, results indicate that linguistic competences do not differ among respondents with different assigned household chores. In addition, T-test was conducted to determine whether there was a significant difference among the level of linguistic competencies of the senior high school students in Ormoc City Regional Sports Academy, but the gathered results revealed that there was no significant difference among linguistic competence level. However, there was a significant difference in the linguistic competence in organization of ideas among senior high school students. Grade 11 students have significantly higher mean in organization of ideas than Grade12 students. Major findings revealed that the respondents were at the basic level under the Common European Framework of References for Languages. Generally, the linguistic competence of the senior high school students should be improved. A proposed remedial activity in English writing skills is adapted to level up the linguistic competence of the senior high school students. (shrink)

This paper seeks to extend my recent work on quantum perception (Rosen, 2021) to the phenomenon of quantum entanglement. In the first section, I summarize the earlier work, noting how the conventional approach to observing photons is rooted in an objectivist philosophy that serves as an obstacle to probing the underlying quantum reality. In the summary provided, I bring out the intimate relationship between observer and observed in the quantum world, and the need for a new, proprioceptive mode of observation (...) linked to phenomenological philosophy. The second part of the paper builds on the earlier effort by applying the proprioceptive observation of photons to the phenomenon of entanglement. The basic proposition is that proprioceptive observers of entangled photons may become entangled with each other. I propose an experiment that tests this hypothesis. In concluding, I explore the possibility that a quantum internet of proprioceptively engaged participants could create an ontologically entangled society. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to identify the obstacles facing the application of knowledge management and its impact on performance at Palestine Technical University-Kadoorei from the point of view of employees and to detect the differences between the average views of the study sample on the subject of the study according to some variables such as (gender, nature of work, Education Level, specialization, years of experience). The study followed the descriptive analytical method and the questionnaire as a tool for (...) study. It was distributed to 74 employees. After the questionnaire was distributed, the data was collected and coded and entered into the computer and processed statistically using the SPSS program. The study found that the percentage of approval of the obstacles to the application of knowledge management at Palestine Technical University-Kadoorei differed between few and large, and the relative weight of the axis was complete (68.2). The degree of awareness of the workers of the reality of performance excellence at the University of Palestine Technical-Kadoorei was between medium and very large. There is an impact of the constraints of the application of knowledge management on performance excellence at Palestine Technical University-Kadoorei. In light of the results of the previous study, the researchers recommended that the importance of knowledge management should be taken into account in order to raise the university's reputation and reputation at home and abroad and improve its services to students and the local community. And to promote the exchange of experiences and knowledge with local, regional and international universities in order to enhance the knowledge and preserve it and provide modern and sophisticated scientific techniques and use them in administrative and academic work at the university. (shrink)

This editorial introduces the Journal of Consciousness Studies special issue on "Animal Consciousness". The 15 contributors and co-editors answer the question "How should we study animal consciousness scientifically?" in 500 words or fewer.

In this article, I build on my recent conceptions of law as poetry and of justice as dance by articulating three new conceptions of the relationship between law and justice. In the first, “poetry-based justice”, justice consists of a rigid choreography to a kind of musical recitation of the law’s poetry. In the second, “dancing-based law”, justice consists of spontaneous, freely improvised movement patterns that the poetry of the law tries to capture in a kind of musical notation. And in (...) the third, “reciprocal-legal justice”, justice and law consist of a reciprocally determining artistic collaboration between the democratic dancing masses and the aristocratic poetising elites. Given that each of these predominates in one of three types of community, I then present a reclassification of right-leaning, centrist and leftist societies as dominated by “literalist”, “kinetic” and “mutualist” communities (respectively), and offer suggestions for legislators and activists working in each type. In conclusion, law and justice, qua poetry and dance, become more flexible, inclusive and open to creative improvising and collaboration, a new form that I name, after Astraea, Greek goddess of divine justice, “astral legal justice”. (shrink)

Expressiveness and decidability are two core aspects of programming languages that should be thoroughly known by those who use them; this includes knowledge of their metalanguages a.k.a. formal grammars. The van Wijngaarden grammars (WGs) are capable of generating all the languages in the Chomsky hierarchy and beyond; this makes them a relevant tool in the design of (more) expressive programming languages. But this expressiveness comes at a very high cost: The syntax of WGs is extremely complex and the decision problem (...) for the generated languages is generally unsolvable. With this in mind, I provide here a short primer of the syntax of WGs, which includes syntactic restrictions that guarantee decidability for the corresponding generated languages. (shrink)

Against caricatures of the poet-philosopher Friedrich Schiller as an unoriginal popularizer of Kant, or a forerunner of totalitarianism, Frederick Beiser reinterprets him as an innovative, classical republican, broadening his analysis to include Schiller’s poetry, plays, and essays not widely available in English translation, such as the remarkable essay, “On Grace and Dignity.” In that spirit, the present article argues that the latter text, misperceived by Anglophone critics as self-contradictory, is better understood as centering on gender and dance. In brief, grace (...) is a virtuous power of beautiful gestures associated with women, while dignity is a power of sublime gestures associated with men, and the improvised combination thereof is a divinely androgynous power of gesture that I term “stateliness,” in a three-step choreography of aesthetic education. (shrink)

Most of human-robot interaction (HRI) research relies on an implicit assumption that seems to drive experimental work in interaction studies: the more anthropomorphism we can reach in robots, the more effective the robot will be in 'being social.' The notion of 'sociomorphing' was developed in order to challenge the assumption of ubiquitous anthropomorphizing. This paper aims to explore the notion of sociomorphing by analysing the possibilities offered by actor-network theory (ANT). We claim that ANT is a valid framework to re-think (...) the conceptual couple anthropomorphizing / sociomorphing and answer the following question: What kind of negotiation process and social practices can be developed in HRI, given the notion of sociomorph interactional networks? (shrink)

In the present article, the first section recapitulates my “figuration” philosophy of dance, the “dancing-with” interpretive method derived therefrom, and my previous application of figuration to salsa dance as a decolonizing gestural discourse. The second section deepens and modifies this analysis through a reinterpretation of Argentinian philosopher Ernesto Laclau’s concept of hegemony and his dance-resonant interpretations of Derrida. And the final section offers a template for this hegemonic dancing-with in the Birmingham, Alabama Latin dance troupe, Corazon de Alabama (Heart of (...) Alabama), as a new strategy for decolonizing and reconstructing social justice. (shrink)

The study aimed to investigate the reality of spreading the culture of entrepreneurship at Al-Azhar University from the point of view of students of the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology and diagnose the most important obstacles that limit its activation. The researchers used the descriptive approach (survey) to achieve the objectives of the study, and relied on the questionnaire as a tool for applied study. The study concluded that: The reality of spreading the culture of entrepreneurship at Al-Azhar University (...) from the point of view of the students participating in the study came with an average degree of approval, while the most important obstacles and possible proposals for activating it came with a high degree of approval, which indicates the existence of strengths of Al-Azhar University in spreading the culture of entrepreneurship among students. Deficiencies must be corrected through proposals. In light of the results of the study, it was possible to develop a number of recommendations that can contribute to activating the culture of entrepreneurship at Al-Azhar University. Including the establishment of a specialized center for entrepreneurship within the university, develop a declared strategic plan to spread and develop the culture of entrepreneurship, allocate a sufficient budget to sponsor and support entrepreneurial ideas and projects for students and provide specialized cadres and certified trainers in the field of entrepreneurship. (shrink)

As a retired professor, I join in the growing concerns among educators, and others, about plagiarism, especially now that AI tools like ChatGPT are so readily available. However, I feel more caution is needed, regarding temptations to rely on supposed automatic detection tools, like Turnitin, to solve the problems. Students can be unfairly accused if such tools are used unreflectingly. The Toronto Star's online version of this published Op Ed is available at the link shown below. The version attached here (...) is a pre-print, which also includes annotations for my references, which are not displayed in the published version. (shrink)

This essay is part of larger project in which I attempt to show that Western formal logic, from its inception in Aristotle onward, has both been partially constituted by, and partially constitutive of, what has become known as racism. More specifically, (a) racist/quasi-racist/proto-racist political forces were part of the impetus for logic’s attempt to classify the world into mutually exclusive, hierarchically-valued categories in the first place; and (b) these classifications, in turn, have been deployed throughout history to justify and empower (...) racism/quasi-racism/proto-racism. In other words, (a) an important part of the chaos and messiness that so troubles logic has been the natural bio-cultural diversity of human beings as described by concepts such as race and ethnicity; and (b) once these concepts were historically in place, taken for granted, buttressed with pseudo-science, and had their origins forgotten, they became tools for the oppression of diverse human groups. The central thesis of this essay is that close readings of a variety of Leibniz’s writings (including several essays and one letter) will reveal a pattern of mutual dependency and creation in regard to logic and racism in Leibniz. My conclusion will be that there is a meaningful connection between logic and racism (or at least between logic and politics in general) in Leibniz such that one should be skeptical of his logic’s claim to offer transparent and neutral descriptions of the world as well as imperatives for action. Put differently, I want to ask the following specific question: how do Leibniz’s own racially-informed political goals, along with the emergence of race-centric European colonialism, both invest and disguise themselves within Leibniz’s mathematizing of logic? (shrink)

Mango is an economically significant fruit crop cultivated in various tropical and subtropical regions around the world. However, the productivity and quality of mangoes can be severely impacted by a range of pests. This research paper introduces an innovative approach to identify mango pests using an expert system. The expert system integrates knowledge from entomology and plants to provide accurate identification of common mango pests. The paper outlines the development and implementation of the expert system using Clips shell, which utilizes (...) rule-based techniques to analyze symptoms associated with mango pests. By inputting observed symptoms, such as leaf spots, fruit damage, leaf mild and stem cankers the system can accurately identify the specific pest species affecting the mango tree. For each pest, the paper discusses their specific symptoms and Favorable conditions that affect the mango plant. By understanding the identification and symptoms of these pests, mango growers and agricultural professionals can implement appropriate pest management strategies to mitigate the economic losses caused by these insects. The research presented in this paper aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on mango pest management, facilitating sustainable mango production and ensuring the availability of high-quality mangoes in global markets. (shrink)

In a 2014 article in The Guardian, an Indigenous shaman of the Yanomami people of the Amazon rainforest named Davi Kopenawa offers a devastating critique of white society. It is formed of excerpts from multiple interviews, which form the basis of his memoir The Falling Sky, compiled and translated by his French anthropologist collaborator Bruce Albert. Here I bring the dual lenses of philosophy and dance studies to explore how Kopenawa’s lifelong interaction with white people facilitated his reworking of Yanomami (...) shamanic discourse into a parrhesia against the “epidemic fumes” of climate change, on behalf of the Yanomami of the Amazon, white people, and all the beings of the earth. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic led to social restrictions that often prevented us from hugging the ones we love. This absence helped some realize just how important these interactions are to our sense of care and connection. Many turned to digitally mediated social interactions to address these absences, but often unsatisfactorily. Some theorists might blame this on the disembodied character of our digital spaces, e.g., that interpersonal touch is excluded from our lives online. However, others continued to find care and connection in (...) their digitally mediated interactions despite not being able to touch. Inspired by such contrasting cases, we ask if ‘digital hugs’ can work? We use the Mixed Reality Interaction Matrix to examine hugging as a social practice. This leads us to several claims about the nature of our embodied social interactions and their digital mediation: (1) all social interaction is mediated; (2) all virtual experiences are embodied; (3) technology has become richer and more supportive of embodiment; and (4) expertise plays a role. These claims help make the case that quality social connections online are substantially dependent upon the dynamic skilful resourcing of multiple mediating components, what we term digital tact. By introducing and developing this concept, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of our digital embodied sociality and the possibilities for caring connections online. (shrink)

This is an earlier version of the argument presented as the appendix to the author's final book, Peri Physeos.

Ideas for integrating AI into politics are now emerging and advancing at accelerating pace. This chapter highlights a few different varieties and show how they reflect different assumptions about the value of democracy. We cannot make informed decisions about which, if any, proposals to pursue without further reflection on what makes democracy valuable and how current conditions fail to fully realize it. Recent advances in political philosophy provide some guidance but leave important questions open. If AI advances to a state (...) where it can secure superior political outcomes, leading perspectives in political philosophy suggest that democracy may become obsolete. If we find this suggestion troubling, we need to put the case for democracy on stronger foundations. (shrink)

The author presents reasons for thinking that the evil we observe in the world is not even prima facie evidence against the existence of God.

Binding specificity is a centrally important concept in molecular biology, yet it has received little philosophical attention. Here I aim to remedy this by analyzing binding specificity as a causal property. I focus on the concept’s role in drug design, where it is highly prized and hence directly studied. From a causal perspective, understanding why binding specificity is a valuable property of drugs contributes to an understanding of causal selection—of how and why scientists distinguish between causes, not just causes from (...) noncauses. In particular, the specificity of drugs is precisely what underwrites their value as experimental interventions on biological processes. (shrink)

In the United States, police use of force experts often maintain that controversial police shootings where an unarmed person’s hand gesture was interpreted as their “going for a gun” are justifiable. If an officer waits to confirm that a weapon is indeed being pulled from a jacket pocket or waistband, it may be too late to defend against a lethal attack. This article examines police policy norms for self-defense against “uncertain threats” in three contexts: (1) known in-progress violent crimes, (2) (...) interactions with civilians behaving non-aggressively, and (3) interactions with civilians behaving aggressively. It is argued that the context of a known in-progress violent crime gives rise to threat probability-, fairness-, and lesser evil-based reasons for a norm permitting police officers to use lethal force. However, in the contexts of civilians behaving non-aggressively and civilians behaving aggressively, such a norm is not justifiable. In the former case, I introduce two conditions, the Justification condition and the Valuing Civilian Lives condition, which I argue are not presently met. In the latter case, these two conditions again are not met; aggression may moreover be excused or justified due to background injustices around race and the criminal justice system. (shrink)

Existing institutions do not seem well-designed to address paradigmatically global, intergenerational and ecological problems, such as climate change. 1 In particular, they tend to crowd out intergenerational concern, and thereby facilitate a “tyranny of the contemporary” in which successive generations exploit the future to their own advantage in morally indefensible ways (albeit perhaps unintentionally). Overcoming such a tyranny will require both accepting responsibility for the future and meeting the institutional gap. I propose that we approach the first in terms of (...) a traditional “delegated responsibility” model of the transmission of individual responsibility to collectives, and the second with a call for a global constitutional convention focused on future generations. In this paper, I develop the delegated responsibility model by suggesting how it leads us to understand both past failures and prospective responsibility. I then briefly defend the call for a global constitutional convention. (shrink)

It seems natural to ask why the universe exists at all. Modern physics suggests that the universe can exist all by itself as a self-contained system, without anything external to create or sustain it. But there might not be an absolute answer to why it exists. I argue that any attempt to account for the existence of something rather than nothing must ultimately bottom out in a set of brute facts; the universe simply is, without ultimate cause or explanation.

Replicability and reproducibility of computational models has been somewhat understudied by “the replication movement.” In this paper, we draw on methodological studies into the replicability of psychological experiments and on the mechanistic account of explanation to analyze the functions of model replications and model reproductions in computational neuroscience. We contend that model replicability, or independent researchers' ability to obtain the same output using original code and data, and model reproducibility, or independent researchers' ability to recreate a model without original code, (...) serve different functions and fail for different reasons. This means that measures designed to improve model replicability may not enhance (and, in some cases, may actually damage) model reproducibility. We claim that although both are undesirable, low model reproducibility poses more of a threat to long-term scientific progress than low model replicability. In our opinion, low model reproducibility stems mostly from authors' omitting to provide crucial information in scientific papers and we stress that sharing all computer code and data is not a solution. Reports of computational studies should remain selective and include all and only relevant bits of code. (shrink)

Is capitalism inherently predatory? Must there be winners and losers? Is public interest outdated and free-riding rational? Is consumer choice the same as self-determination? Must bargainers abandon the no-harm principle? Prisoners of Reason recalls that classical liberal capitalism exalted the no-harm principle. Although imperfect and exclusionary, modern liberalism recognized individual human dignity alongside individuals' responsibility to respect others. Neoliberalism, by contrast, views life as ceaseless struggle. Agents vie for scarce resources in antagonistic competition in which every individual seeks dominance. This (...) political theory is codified in non-cooperative game theory; the neoliberal citizen and consumer is the strategic rational actor. Rational choice justifies ends irrespective of means. Money becomes the medium of all value. Solidarity and good will are invalidated. Relationships are conducted on a quid pro quo basis. However, agents can freely opt out of this cynical race to the bottom by embracing a more expansive range of coherent action. (shrink)

The ontology behind quantum mechanics has been the subject of endless debate since the theory was formulated some 100 years ago. It has been suggested, at one time or another, that the objects described by the theory may be individual particles, waves, fields, ensembles of particles, observers, and minds, among many other possibilities. I maintain that these disagreements are due in part to a lack of precision in the use of the theory’s various semantic designators. In particular, there is some (...) confusion about the role of representation, reference, and denotation in the theory. In this article, I first analyze the role of the semantic apparatus in physical theories in general and then discuss the corresponding ontological implications for quantum mechanics. Subsequently, I consider the extension of the theory to quantum fields and then analyze the semantic changes of the designators with their ontological consequences. In addition to the classical arguments to rule out a particle ontology in the case of non-relativistic quantum field theory, I show how the existence of black holes makes the proposal of a particle ontology in general spacetimes unfeasible. I conclude by proposing a provisional pluralistic ontology of fields and spacetime and discussing some prospects for possible future ontological economies. (shrink)

The paper explores the logical structure of Rawlsian justice principles in order to see whether their justificatory or explanatory conditions are unproblematic. To facilitate this purpose, drawing on readers of Rawls, the author shows that the Aristotelian principle is used to explain the principles of rational choice, particularly the principle of inclusiveness. Then, on the basis of the Aristotelian principle, Rawls justifies his conclusion, via the principles of rational choice and the theory of primary goods. After figuring out the logical (...) structure of justice as fairness, the author deals with the central objective of the paper, where he exposes some problems suffered by the motivational basis of the principles of justice. The foundation on which Rawls grounds his principles of justice is problematic, and consequently, they remain as matters of contention as of today. (shrink)

This study presented the policy of functional integration of the product planning team as a strategy for the development of the pharmaceutical industry in Palestine. The study population consists of all the workers in companies operating in the field of medicine in Palestine, which are (5) companies producing in the West Bank only for pharmaceuticals used by these companies, which are (296) employees, and was used a simple random sample to choose the sample and size (87) employees of the study (...) population, and to achieve the objectives of the study (87) questionnaires were distributed. The descriptive analytical method was used, and SPSS was used to answer and discuss the study's questions. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the effectiveness of the policy of product development and the competitiveness of pharmaceutical companies in Palestine (West Bank), where the policy of product development efficiency accounts for 56.6% of the total change in the competitiveness of companies. The product quality component was most influential at all levels of product development effectiveness policy, followed by product identification, product cost reduction, packaging and product deletion. The weakest areas of strategic direction in pharmaceutical companies in Palestine (West Bank) are 67%. The weakest aspects of job integration are: non-regular meetings of representatives of different positions to participate in any project related to product development, to achieve spatial convergence of members of the product planning policy team in offices, laboratories and workplaces. (shrink)

[First paragraph]: This article is part of a larger project in which I suggest a historically informed philosophy of dance, called “figuration,” consisting of new interpretations of canonical philosophers. Figuration consists of two major parts, comprising (a) four basic concepts, or “moves”—namely, “positure,” “gesture,” “grace,” and “resilience”—and (b) seven types, or “families” of dance—namely, “concert,” “folk,” “societal,” “agonistic,” “animal,” “astronomical,” and “discursive.” This article is devoted to the first of these four moves, as illustrated by both its importance for Aristotle (...) and also its applicability to these seven families of dance. One goal of figuration as a whole, and the central goal of this excerpt from that larger project, is to model and justify a dancing aesthetic education pursuant to psychological and political flourishing. (shrink)

A commonly raised criticism against celebrity culture is that it celebrates people who become famous without any connection to their skills, talents or achievements. A culture in which people become famous simply for being famous is criticized for being shallow and inauthentic. In this paper we offer a defence of celebrity by arguing against this criticism. We begin by outlining what we call the Talent Argument: celebrity is a negative cultural phenomenon because it creates and sustains fame without any connection (...) to the accomplishments that arise from an expression of talent or skill. By appealing to the metaphysics of talent and skill, we argue against the Talent Argument and propose that being a celebrity requires the skills that are necessary to acquire and maintain one’s status as a celebrity. A celebrity is more likely to be talented and successful in their expression of these skills, and even celebrities who are ‘famous for being famous’ will often display talents and skills that give rise to their fame. This means that those who critique celebrity culture should not do so by appealing to the Talent Argument. We show how our account of celebrity, talent and skill works to reject both the strong version of the Talent Argument, as well as a weaker and more plausible version of the argument we call the Valuable Talents argument. We conclude by noting that our analysis has demonstrated the need to explore more closely the kinds of skills that are necessary to cultivate celebrity status. This allows for a more nuanced understanding of what a celebrity is, and the values that are attached to celebrity culture. (shrink)

The study aimed to know the relationship between the nature of the work and the type of communication among the Employees in the Palestinian universities. A comparative study between Al-Azhar University and Al-Aqsa University. The researchers used the analytical descriptive method through a questionnaire that is randomly distributed among the employees of Al-Azhar and Al-Aqsa universities in Gaza Strip. The study was conducted on a sample of (176) administrative employees from the surveyed universities. The response rate was (85.79%). The study (...) reached a number of results, the most important of which is that there is a high degree of satisfaction with the nature of work prevailing in the Palestinian universities in Gaza Strip from the point of view of the administrative staff, where the percentage was (68.15%). There is an Mean level of communication from the point of view of administrative staff, with a percentage of (67.50%). There is a direct correlation between the nature of the work and the prevailing pattern of communication. There is an absence of differences between the sample according to the gender variable in their perception of the nature of work and the prevailing pattern of communication. There is an absence of differences in the perception of Employees nature of work and the pattern of communication prevailing depending on the variables (age, years of service, job level, and university). There are statistically significant differences between Al-Azhar University and Al-Aqsa University in favor of Al-Azhar University. The study reached a number of recommendations, the most important of which is that the interest of the management of the Palestinian universities in Gaza Strip in general, and Al-Aqsa and Al-Azhar Universities in particular should be provided with a good nature of work and communication. There is a need for continuing the management of universities to pay attention and continuous improvement of the performance of employees. There is an importance of solving the problems of Employees and giving them the opportunity to contribute to solving their own problems. Staff rotation should be used periodically and the need to strengthen the democratic leadership style and empower university Employees. (shrink)

Bestrewn with relics of subjugation, the frameworks that hinge on social progress have failed to appraise the plight of the marginalized in the democratic discourse. This is the case in the Philippines, as in other fringed spaces caught in hegemonic world-building. In this setup, emancipation is anchored in salvific attempts – salvaging the marginalized from a messianic standpoint. This tends to produce a pejorative image of the marginalized as incapable of self-determination. I argue in a three-part discussion: (1) reexamine the (...) locus of the margin in critical theorizing; (2) retrace the act of recognition vis-à-vis the emancipative struggle; (3) present that the lifeworld of the marginalized offers redemptive alternatives for emancipation. Further, I argue that this offers a foremost framework in critical theorizing at the margin since their situatedness affords a stance that has not formed a patina of the West but is primarily informed by their rich local periphery. (shrink)

Genera, typically hand-in-hand with their branching species, are essential elements of vocabulary-based information constructs, in particular scientific taxonomies. Should they also feature in formal ontologies, the highest of such constructs? I argue in this article that the answer is “Yes” and that the question posed in its title also has a Yes-answer: The way medieval ontologists sliced up the world into genera does matter to formal ontology. More specifically, the way Dietrich of Freiberg, a Latin scholastic, conceived and applied strictly (...) generic criteria to slice up the world into its entities can provide some guidelines to the field of formal ontology with respect to not only its contents, but also its scope. In particular, Dietrich's information criterion plays here a central role. (shrink)

In this article I offer an interpretation of the fundamental problem of phenomenology in terms of a philosophy of revelation proposing in this way the renewal of the last important development of Western philosophy both in terms of its metaphysical aspiration and scientific relevance. After the general introduction, I outline the philosophical problem of revelation. I show how this philosophy influenced early phenomenology. I explain the underlying subject matter in the history of phenomenology, i.e. the notion of disclosure. I also (...) outline what I term “apocalyptic phenomenology” in order to focus on the understanding of revelation. In this part I offer details of the notion of newness and the appropriate method applied here. Finally, I summarize the scientific relevance of my approach in the context of logic, methodology, disciplinarity with a special emphasis on the study of religion. (shrink)